Topic summary contributed by volunteer(s): Linda. A non-profit research and advocacy organization based in Washington, D.C., the Physicians Committee for Responsible Medicine (PCRM) promotes bringing nutrition into medical education and practice, conducting clinical research on healthful diets, educating the public on how diet can … Physicians Committee for Responsible Medicine, Washington D. C. 222,957 likes · 1,670 talking about this · 1,104 were here. Helping humans and animals through plant-based diets and ethical and... That’s the warning label the Physicians Committee for Responsible Medicine—a nonprofit with more than 12,000 doctor members—is petitioning the Food and Drug Administration to require cheese manufacturers to prominently display on all dairy cheese products. The petition is being submitted on Oct. 3, as Breast Cancer …Process until very smooth (about 1-2 minutes). If more liquid is needed, add more lemon juice or water. Garlic, cumin, and black pepper can be adjusted for personal taste preferences. Spread 1/4 c (68 g) of hummus over half of the tortilla. About 2 inches in from one of the edges, make a line of 6 sun-dried tomatoes, repeating with 1/2 c (28 g ...WASHINGTON, D.C.—The importance of plant-based nutrition for good health is highlighted in the proceedings from the nearly two dozen presentations from the Physicians Committee for Responsible Medicine’s 10th International Conference on Nutrition in Medicine, which were recently published in the International Journal of … The Barnard Medical Center was established by the Physicians Committee for Responsible Medicine, a nonprofit organization founded in 1985 that promotes preventive medicine, especially good nutrition, conducts clinical research studies, and promotes higher standards in research. Barnard Medical Center Telehealth. Watch on. The Physicians Committee’s Golden Carrot Award is celebrating its 10th Anniversary! Since 2004, the Golden Carrot Award has acknowledged schools and food service directors who work to create programs that encourage students to eat more fresh fruits, vegetables, and plant-based meals for improved health and disease prevention.websiteThe Physicians Committee for Responsible Medicine identified the need to modernize medical education and began work on the issue in 1985. Now, all medical students trained in the U.S. will receive an education that is based on human anatomy and physiology, giving new doctors the skills they need to care for human patients. ...Founded in 1985, the Physicians Committee for Responsible Medicine is a nonprofit organization that promotes preventive medicine, conducts clinical research, and encourages higher standards for ethics and effectiveness in education and research. More on Women's Health The Physicians Committee for Responsible Medicine has the tools you need to get started in the relaunched 21-Day Vegan Kickstart online program and mobile app. The free program is available in both English and Spanish and features hundreds of healthy recipes, meal plans, grocery lists, expert nutrition advice, cooking demonstrations, and more ... Lee Crosby, RD, Staff Dietitian, Physicians Committee. Tweet Recipes. Below are just a few delicious recipes that can help your body get the fiber it needs to stay healthy. Recipe Cinnamon-Raisin Oatmeal ... ©2024 Physicians Committee for Responsible Medicine PCRM is a 501(c)(3) nonprofit organization. Tax ID 52 …Barbara Wasserman, MD. Barbara Wasserman, MD, is a graduate of Barnard College and Johns Hopkins School of Medicine. She completed her internal medicine residency at Rochester General and Strong Memorial Hospitals in Rochester, N.Y. Dr. Wasserman is board-certified in internal medicine, …Dec 18, 2020 · The Physicians Committee for Responsible Medicine provides patient education materials, a free online 21-Day Kickstart program, and in-person and online nutrition and cooking classes worldwide to support patients in exploring the health benefits of a plant-based diet. Kaiser Permanente offers patients a plant-based eating guide to changing your ... A Physicians Committee review published in the American Journal of Lifestyle Medicine examined all research studies published from 1950 to March 2019 that evaluated the effect of eggs on blood cholesterol levels and examined funding sources and their influence on study findings. Research published prior to 1970 showed no industry influence on ...Studies have shown higher magnesium intakes to be associated with stronger bones. “Beans and greens”—legumes and green leafy vegetables—are excellent sources of magnesium. Vitamin D is another important component for strong bones. The natural source of vitamin D is sunlight: Our skin makes vitamin D when exposed to sun.Arthritis is a group of diseases that cause painful and swollen joints. Arthritis is one of the most common health conditions in the United States, affecting approximately one in four adults. Osteoarthritis typically develops gradually and can cause pain and stiffness. Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is more aggressive and occurs when the body ...In 1991, the Physicians Committee unveiled the New Four Food Groups, a healthful alternative to the USDA’s Eating Right Pyramid released a week later. ... ©2024 Physicians Committee for Responsible Medicine PCRM is a 501(c)(3) nonprofit organization. Tax ID 52-1394893WASHINGTON—Plant-based diets rich in whole carbohydrates can improve insulin sensitivity and other health markers in individuals with type 1 diabetes, according to two case studies published by researchers from the Physicians Committee for Responsible Medicine in the Journal of Diabetes and Metabolism.. Both case studies …Estrogens commonly prescribed by physicians contain significant amounts of estradiol, which is one of the forms of estrogen that has scientists and many postmenopausal women concerned about cancer risk. A different estrogen, estriol, appears to be safer. ... ©2024 Physicians Committee for Responsible Medicine PCRM is a 501(c)(3) nonprofit ... Vegetables, including potatoes, green beans, carrots, and peas, are all good choices. They should be thoroughly cooked and mashed. Fruits, such as mashed bananas, avocados, peaches, or applesauce. By 8 months, some babies can eat crackers, bread, and dry cereal and protein-rich foods like well-cooked and mashed tofu or beans. Choosing whole grains. A randomized controlled study with healthy individuals found that 3 servings of whole grains reduced systolic and diastolic pressure by 6 mmHg and 3 mmHg, respectively. [32] Large prospective studies support the evidence that whole grain consumption reduces blood pressure and hypertension risk.The Physicians Committee for Responsible Medicine is a nonprofit health organization that promotes preventive medicine, conducts clinical research, and encourages higher standards for ethics and effectiveness in research and …Studies have shown higher magnesium intakes to be associated with stronger bones. “Beans and greens”—legumes and green leafy vegetables—are excellent sources of magnesium. Vitamin D is another important component for strong bones. The natural source of vitamin D is sunlight: Our skin makes vitamin D when exposed to sun.COVID-19. Health and Nutrition News. Jan 10, 2024. Plant-Based Diets Are Protective Against COVID-19. Vegan and vegetarian diets are associated with lower odds of severe COVID-19, according to a new study published in BMJ Nutrition, Prevention & Health. Health and Nutrition News. Oct 19, 2023.The Physicians Committee for Responsible Medicine is an animal ‘rights’ organization, and, despite its title, represents less than .5 percent of the total U.S. physician population. Its founder, Dr. Neal Barnard, is also the scientific advisor to People for the Ethical Treatment of Animals (PETA), an organization that supports …The Physicians Committee for Responsible Medicine is congratulating Duke University for ending the controversial practice of using live animals to teach …The Physicians Committee for Responsible Medicine provides patient education materials, a free online 21-Day Kickstart program, and in-person and online nutrition and cooking classes worldwide to support patients in exploring the health benefits of a plant-based diet.. Kaiser Permanente offers patients a …The Physicians Committee for Responsible Medicine provides patient education materials, a free online 21-Day Kickstart program, and in-person and online nutrition and cooking classes worldwide to support patients in exploring the health benefits of a plant-based diet.. Kaiser Permanente offers patients a …Estrogens commonly prescribed by physicians contain significant amounts of estradiol, which is one of the forms of estrogen that has scientists and many postmenopausal women concerned about cancer risk. A different estrogen, estriol, appears to be safer. ... ©2024 Physicians Committee for Responsible Medicine PCRM is a 501(c)(3) nonprofit ...The Physicians Committee for Responsible Medicine (PCRM) is a registered 501(c)(3) organization. All donations are tax-deductable to the extent permitted by law. A one-time …Mark Kennedy is senior vice president of legal affairs for the Physicians Committee for Responsible Medicine, a nationwide organization of physicians and laypersons that promotes preventive medicine, especially good nutrition, and addresses controversies in modern medicine, including ethical issues in research. As senior vice president of legal ...©2024 Physicians Committee for Responsible Medicine PCRM is a 501(c)(3) nonprofit organization. Tax ID 52-1394893 To access our BBB report, visit ...Dear Faculty, Staff and Students, We are proud to share Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine match results with you—a crucial milestone for medical students on …Dr. Justin Wight, MD is a board certified family physician in Cave Creek, Arizona. He is affiliated with HonorHealth John C. Lincoln Medical Center.The Physicians Committee for Responsible Medicine is a nonprofit health organization that promotes preventive medicine, conducts clinical research, and encourages higher standards for ethics and effectiveness in research and …Physicians Committee for Responsible Medicine. February 7, 2020 ·. Physicians Committee member Kerry Foley, MD, led a demonstration at the University of Missouri-Columbia ( Mizzou) yesterday, calling on the University of Missouri System Board of Curators to modernize training methods in the schools emergency medicine … The Physicians Committee for Responsible Medicine has the tools you need to get started in the relaunched 21-Day Vegan Kickstart online program and mobile app. The free program is available in both English and Spanish and features hundreds of healthy recipes, meal plans, grocery lists, expert nutrition advice, cooking demonstrations, and more ... Physicians Committee for Responsible Medicine. 5100 Wisconsin Ave., N.W., Suite 400, Washington, D.C. 20016. 202-686-2210 | [email protected] | PCRM.org | Text-only version of this email. FhysiciansCommittee or Responsible Medicine Just the Facts In case you missed them, here are our favorite news articles, stories, and media …Location. 5100 Wisconsin Avenue, NW, Washington, DC 20016, United States. Suite 400. The Physicians Committee is leading a revolution in medicine—putting a new focus on health and compassion. The Physicians Committee combines the clout and expertise of more than 12,000 physicians with.Our bodies cannot synthesize it, so we must consume ALA through our diets. The body naturally converts ALA into longer chain omega-3 fatty acids, docosahexaenoic acid (DHA)—which is important for brain health—and eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA). Fish contain both DHA and EPA. But that doesn’t …The Physicians Committee for Responsible Medicine (PCRM) is a nonprofit association that claims to promote “optimal diet for prevention of disease,” says there is evidence that humans don’t have a specific requirement for protein, and teaches that “too much dietary protein from animal sources is detrimental to health.”.One University of Toronto study found that people eating a plant-based diet rich in special cholesterol-lowering foods lowered their LDL cholesterol by nearly 30 percent in just four weeks. These foods include: Oats, beans, barley, …Chuck Carroll is host of the Physicians Committee’s popular “The Exam Room” podcast and known widely as The Weight Loss Champion, a name given to him by an NFL player for losing an incredible 275 pounds. ... ©2024 Physicians Committee for Responsible Medicine PCRM is a 501(c)(3) nonprofit organization. Tax ID 52-1394893 Footer Legal.We engage everyone, from the board to staff levels of the organization, in race equity work and ensure that individuals understand their roles in creating culture such that one’s race identity has no influence on how they fare within the organization. Physicians Committee for Responsible Medicine has earned a 4/4 Star rating …Eating whole soy foods may reduce the risk of breast cancer and several other types of cancer, fibroids, and even inflammation. Soy is helpful for bone health, heart health, and menopausal symptoms. Like most other plant foods, the healthiest soy foods are the least processed. Young soybeans, also called edamame, can be …Since 1985, the Physicians Committee for Responsible Medicine (PCRM) has made it our mission to advocate for animals in medical education, research, and product safety testing and to promote the acceptance of nonanimal methods in their stead. PCRM intervenes in specific cases of animal cruelty through negotiations, public …Excellent sources include sweet potatoes, carrots, and green leafy vegetables. Vitamins C and E: Vitamins C and E are antioxidants that help to destroy free radicals and support the body’s natural immune response. Sources of vitamin C include red peppers, oranges, strawberries, broccoli, mangoes, lemons, and other …The Physicians Committee for Responsible Medicine has the tools you need to get started in the relaunched 21-Day Vegan Kickstart online program and mobile app. The free program is available in both English and Spanish and features hundreds of healthy recipes, meal plans, grocery lists, expert nutrition advice, cooking …Chuck Carroll is host of the Physicians Committee’s popular “The Exam Room” podcast and known widely as The Weight Loss Champion, a name given to him by an NFL player for losing an incredible 275 pounds. ... ©2024 Physicians Committee for Responsible Medicine PCRM is a 501(c)(3) nonprofit organization. Tax ID 52-1394893 Footer Legal. ©2024 Physicians Committee for Responsible Medicine PCRM is a 501(c)(3) nonprofit organization. Tax ID 52-1394893 To access our BBB report, visit ... Love Life Cafe will provide delicious plant-based hors d’oeuvres as we marvel at the beautiful Miami skyline, and Dr. Barnard will be joined by Chef Dustin Harder to provide a special update on the Physicians Committee’s work. Tickets are $75 and support the Physicians Committee’s work to end animal cruelty and modernize medicine.Committee to Review Dietary Reference Intakes for Vitamin D and Calcium, Food and Nutrition Board, Institute of Medicine. Dietary Reference Intakes for Calcium and Vitamin D. Washington, DC: National Academy Press; 2011. ... ©2024 Physicians Committee for Responsible Medicine PCRM is a 501(c)(3) nonprofit …Dear Faculty, Staff and Students, We are proud to share Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine match results with you—a crucial milestone for medical students on …Dear Faculty, Staff and Students, We are proud to share Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine match results with you—a crucial milestone for medical students on …The Physicians Committee for Responsible Medicine is a nonprofit health organization that promotes preventive medicine, conducts clinical research, and encourages higher standards for ethics and effectiveness in research and … The Physicians Committee for Responsible Medicine has the tools you need to get started in the relaunched 21-Day Vegan Kickstart online program and mobile app. The free program is available in both English and Spanish and features hundreds of healthy recipes, meal plans, grocery lists, expert nutrition advice, cooking demonstrations, and more ... Chuck Carroll is host of the Physicians Committee’s popular “The Exam Room” podcast and known widely as The Weight Loss Champion, a name given to him by an NFL player for losing an incredible 275 pounds. ... ©2024 Physicians Committee for Responsible Medicine PCRM is a 501(c)(3) nonprofit organization. Tax ID 52-1394893 Footer Legal.Native American Resources. Fighting Diabetes With Ancestral Plant-Based Foods. Through ongoing partnerships with the Navajo Nation and the Eight Northern Pueblos of New Mexico, the Physicians Committee works with Native Americans to use their own ancestral plant-based foods to treat, reverse, and prevent diabetes.The Physicians Committee for Responsible Medicine promotes prevention, especially good nutrition, conducts clinical research, and advocates for higher standards in research. The Physicians ...The Physicians Committee has free continuing medical education courses available to health care professionals and anyone else who wants to learn more: ... ©2024 Physicians Committee for Responsible Medicine PCRM is a 501(c)(3) nonprofit organization. Tax ID … The Physicians Committee has free continuing medical education courses available to health care professionals and anyone else who wants to learn more: Eating as if the World Depends On It, Eating for the Planet: The Environmental Impacts of Dietary Choices, and Food, Health, and Environment: A Potential Pathway to a Double Win. Ways To Give. It's as easy as giving any amount – large or small, EVERY gift makes a difference – and qualifies as a PCRM membership. Donations of $20 or more include a yearly subscription to our quarterly publication, Good Medicine. For a list of all your membership benefits, please see our Membership Giving Levels. According to records obtained by the Physicians Committee for Responsible Medicine through a public records lawsuit against UC Davis, a company neurosurgeon drilled two holes in Animal 8’s skull, implanted electrodes in his brain, and used bone screws to attach electronics to his head. The holes were …Location. 5100 Wisconsin Avenue, NW, Washington, DC 20016, United States. Suite 400. The Physicians Committee is leading a revolution in medicine—putting a new focus on health and compassion. The Physicians Committee combines the clout and expertise of more than 12,000 physicians with.The Washington, D.C.-based Physicians Committee for Responsible Medicine, which has more than 17,000 doctor members and first brought to light Neuralink’s history of troubling experiments on monkeys, requested today that FDA investigate the company for possible violations of “good laboratory practices” (GLP) regulations. ...According to records obtained by the Physicians Committee for Responsible Medicine through a public records lawsuit against UC Davis, a company neurosurgeon drilled two holes in Animal 8’s skull, implanted electrodes in his brain, and used bone screws to attach electronics to his head. The holes were …The Physicians Committee for Responsible Medicine is a nonprofit health organization that promotes preventive medicine, conducts clinical research, and encourages higher standards for ethics and effectiveness in research and … The Physicians Committee for Responsible Medicine is a nonprofit health organization that promotes preventive medicine, conducts clinical research, and encourages higher standards for ethics and effectiveness in research and medical training. The Physicians Committee designs and conducts clinical research studies on nutrition and health. Dietary interventions have appeared promising in investigations carried out by numerous research teams, including our own. We have conducted studies that examine the effects of diet on weight, cardiovascular risk, cancer prevention and survival, and ... In a public comment period that closed just before the holidays, the NIH sought input on a new policy that would, for the very first time, require researchers who use cephalopods to obtain approval from animal welfare oversight bodies called Institutional Animal Care and Use Committees (IACUCs).. In response, Physicians Committee …Eating whole soy foods may reduce the risk of breast cancer and several other types of cancer, fibroids, and even inflammation. Soy is helpful for bone health, heart health, and menopausal symptoms. Like most other plant foods, the healthiest soy foods are the least processed. Young soybeans, also called edamame, can be …Cardiovascular disease is the leading cause of death in the United States and around the world. Eating habits and other lifestyle factors play a key role in determining the risk of heart disease. Pioneering studies by Dean Ornish, MD, Caldwell Esselstyn Jr., MD, and others have shown that a low-fat, plant-based diet, combined with …Physicians Committee for Responsible Medicine | 6,550 (na) tagasubaybay sa LinkedIn. Founded in 1985, the Physicians Committee for Responsible Medicine is a nonprofit organization that promotes preventive medicine, conducts clinical research, and encourages higher standards for ethics and effectiveness in research. ...Fibromyalgia is a poorly understood condition that is treated symptomatically. General recommendations for a healthy exercise routine may be helpful to the patient and the entire family. Concomitant depression or other mental illness should be treated. Good sleep hygiene is also very important.That’s why the Physicians Committee for Responsible Medicine has created materials specifically for cancer prevention and survival. The more naturally colorful your diet is, the more likely it is to have an abundance of cancer-fighting compounds. The pigments that give fruits and vegetables their bright colors—like beta-carotene in sweet ...Learn about the Physicians Committee’s latest campaigns. Journalists: For more information or to arrange an interview with one of our experts, please contact the media contact listed at the bottom of the news release. ... ©2024 Physicians Committee for Responsible Medicine PCRM is a 501(c)(3) …The Physicians Committee for Responsible Medicine is an animal ‘rights’ organization, and, despite its title, represents less than .5 percent of the total U.S. physician population. Its founder, Dr. Neal Barnard, is also the scientific advisor to People for the Ethical Treatment of Animals (PETA), an organization that supports …This chapter focuses on the basics of macronutrients—their roles, sources, and requirements. All macronutrients provide energy. Carbohydrate and protein provide 4 kcal/g, and fat provides 9 kcal/g. The only other nutrient that supplies energy is alcohol, contributing 7 …We engage everyone, from the board to staff levels of the organization, in race equity work and ensure that individuals understand their roles in creating culture such that one’s race identity has no influence on how they fare within the organization. Physicians Committee for Responsible Medicine has earned a 4/4 Star rating …The Physicians Committee for Responsible Medicine (PCRM) efforts are dramatically changing the way doctors treat chronic diseases such as diabetes, heart disease, obesity, and cancer. PCRM is dedicated to saving and improving human and animal lives through plant-based diets and ethical and … Health Topics. The Physicians Committee promotes plant-based diets for good health and disease prevention. Learn about how nutrition affects disease risk. Resource. Alzheimer’s Disease. Boost Brain Health With a Plant-Based Diet. Resource. Arthritis. Reduce Arthritis Pain With a Plant-Based Diet. The insights generated from AI can support our physicians and employees in enhancing the care of our patients. For example, a Kaiser Permanente program called …
Plant-based foods are beneficial to the brain and may help prevent Alzheimer’s disease and other forms of dementia. A decline in brain health is not an inevitable part of aging. But how we eat and live can help us protect our memory and stay sharp into old age. Research shows that saturated and trans fats found in dairy products, meats ... . Bluecrossofidaho
The Barnard Medical Center was established by the Physicians Committee for Responsible Medicine, a nonprofit organization founded in 1985 that promotes preventive medicine, especially good nutrition, conducts clinical research studies, and promotes higher standards in research. Barnard Medical Center Telehealth. Watch on.The Physicians Committee is a nonprofit health organization that promotes preventive medicine, conducts clinical research, and encourages higher standards for ethics and effectiveness in research and medical training. It was was founded by Neal Barnard, MD, in 1985 and has more than 12,000 physician members. Volunteer for the Physicians ...The Physicians Committee for Responsible Medicine is a nonprofit health organization that promotes preventive medicine, conducts clinical research, and encourages higher standards for ethics and effectiveness in research and …Neal Barnard, MD, FACC, President, Physicians Committee. Tweet Power Foods for the Brain. Watch Dr. Barnard’s TEDx Talk on Power Foods for the Brain. Diet and Alzheimer's Disease Fact Sheet Join the Kickstart ... ©2024 Physicians Committee for Responsible Medicine PCRM is a 501(c)(3) nonprofit …Add the garlic and saute for 3 more minutes. Add the carrots, celery, potatoes, tomatoes, and remaining vegetable broth. Increase the heat to medium-high to bring to a boil. Reduce the heat to medium-low and simmer, covered, for 20 minutes. Then add the zucchini, basil, parsley, salt, black pepper, kidney beans, macaroni, and lima beans.Physicians Committee for Responsible Medicine. Become an Exam Room VIP today! Become an Exam Room VIP to raise your health IQ like never before. Exam Room VIPs receive special perks—you'll get early access to interviews with the biggest names in health, personal notes from "The Weight Loss Champion" Chuck Carroll, as well as tips for good ... The Physicians Committee for Responsible Medicine, for decades, has advocated for human-relevant safety regulatory testing. With the rapid pace of technological advancements, it can become challenging to stay abreast of progressive methodologies within certain regulatory jurisdictions. Studies have shown higher magnesium intakes to be associated with stronger bones. “Beans and greens”—legumes and green leafy vegetables—are excellent sources of magnesium. Vitamin D is another important component for strong bones. The natural source of vitamin D is sunlight: Our skin makes vitamin D when exposed to sun.©2024 Physicians Committee for Responsible Medicine PCRM is a 501(c)(3) nonprofit organization. Tax ID 52-1394893The Physicians Committee for Responsible Medicine provides patient education materials, a free online 21-Day Kickstart program, and in-person and online …The Physicians Committee for Responsible Medicine is a nonprofit health organization that promotes preventive medicine, conducts clinical research, and encourages higher standards for ethics and effectiveness in research and …Physicians Committee for Responsible Medicine On November 30, 2022, Elon Musk held a “show and tell” for his company Neuralink that was simply a recruiting event. But he only showed you what he wanted you to see. Away from the media events, Neuralink employees have been mutilating and killing monkeys in pursuit of developing a “brain ...Neal Barnard, MD, FACC, President, Physicians Committee. Tweet Power Foods for the Brain. Watch Dr. Barnard’s TEDx Talk on Power Foods for the Brain. Diet and Alzheimer's Disease Fact Sheet Join the Kickstart ... ©2024 Physicians Committee for Responsible Medicine PCRM is a 501(c)(3) nonprofit …Resource Good Medicine Magazine Archive Good Medicine is the Physicians Committee’s quarterly member magazine that provides campaign updates, breaking news on the health benefits of plant-based nutrition, the latest information on scientific advances that are improving human health by replacing animal tests and experiments, practice tips …Physicians Committee for Responsible Medicine 5100 Wisconsin Ave NW, Suite 400 Washington, DC 20016; For assistance, you can also send us an email at [email protected]. Thank you! The Physicians Committee is a 501(c)(3) non-profit organization. Therefore, all your donations are tax-deductible as allowed by law. Our tax … Learn about the nonprofit organization that promotes preventive medicine, conducts clinical research, and encourages higher standards for ethics and effectiveness in research. See their updates, employees, specialties, and career opportunities on LinkedIn. The Physicians Committee for Responsible Medicine is dedicated to saving and improving human and animal lives through plant-based diets and ethical and effective scientific research. Our vision is to create a healthier world through a new emphasis on plant-based nutrition, and scientific research conducted ethically, without using animals. Physicians Committee for Responsible Medicine On November 30, 2022, Elon Musk held a “show and tell” for his company Neuralink that was simply a recruiting event. But he only showed you what he wanted you to see. Away from the media events, Neuralink employees have been mutilating and killing monkeys in pursuit of developing a “brain ....